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Holding period return is calculated on the basis of total returns from the asset or portfolio (income plus changes in value). It is particularly useful for. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are a third type of corporate action that bring about material changes to companies. In a merger, two or more companies synergize. Although they do not provide the kind of advice or recommendations offered by bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and foreign exchange. CRYPTO SKEPTIC REDDIT

While the brokerage handles all the documentation related to the buying and selling of securities, as well as collecting dividends and depositing them in the client's account, it will also forward information that needs shareholder action directly to the client.

As these firms only offer trade execution, improvements in trading platform technology have led to plummeting costs for such services. For retail investors, these execution-only services offer a very economical trading platform, and many of them offer stock trades for single-digit dollar commissions. Research Offered by Execution-Only Services Although they do not provide the kind of advice or recommendations offered by full service brokers , many execution-only services that are subsidiaries of larger financial institutions do make some investment research from their parent companies available to their clients.

So while these clients ultimately have to make the investment decision on their own, they receive a wealth of information such as real-time market data, trading ideas, and analysis of trends to assist them in the decision-making process. The brokerage executing the trade will not have an opinion on whether a trade should be executed, so leveraging an execution-only firm places an additional layer of risk on each trader or investor.

Cost of Execution-Only Services The cost of execution-only services is a fraction of what it costs for putting through trade at a full-service brokerage or even most discount brokers. It is therefore primarily suitable for experienced traders, day traders and technical traders who may make numerous trades on any given day. However, traders should be aware of the risks of over-trading, which can lead to potentially steep losses that more than offset the low cost of trading through an execution-only service.

Using these services, investors can execute trades on many different types of securities, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds ETFs and foreign exchange. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear.

Distribution Stock and Distribution Days Distribution days is a term related to distribution stock in the sense that heavy institutional selling of shares is taking place. A distribution day, technically speaking, occurs when major market indexes fall 0. A string of these days together is called distribution days and is often associated with signs of a market top.

Distribution stock may be part of this period of high volume selling in the market, although a seller of a large position may not be able to completely unload its desired amount of shares. The following example of the price action in Apple stock shares around September clearly shows this dynamic.

Apple shares are so widely traded that it is unlikely this effect occurred because of one single fund making a decision to strategically sell. The indicator has no way to identify individual funds, but technical analysts infer from this chart that enough selling had to be occurring that institutional involvement was a likely candidate for an explanation.

Such activity usually drives prices down, but in this case the institutional involvement was choosing a time to sell when buyers were still interested in the stock. The timing of these sales proved effective as Apple did not return to higher prices for the rest of that year and the first six months of Is Distribution Stock the Same as a Dividend?

Distribution stock refers to when the shares of a company are being sold, on net, in the market and is the opposite of accumulation stock. A dividend , on the other hand, is a cash distribution made to shareholders of record in a stock. A dividend may also take the form of additional shares, known as a stock dividend. Does Distribution Signal a Bear Market? Sometimes, although not always.

Distributions, or the selling of shares by large holders, could be a sign of profit-taking, or be a product of the demands and constraints placed on the institutional investor. The Bottom Line Distribution stock is the sale of shares by larger organizations. When major market indexes fall by 0. As in the case with Apple in , sometimes this can occur for a longer period of time and can be a sign that a price that has been trending upward will now be trending downwards.

Article Sources Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate.

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While these methods could be complex, there are simple methods that take advantage of the most commonly traded elements of these respective patterns. While there are a number of chart patterns of varying complexity, there are two common chart patterns which occur regularly and provide a relatively simple method for trading. These two patterns are the head and shoulders and the triangle. A topping pattern is a price high, followed by retracement , a higher price high, retracement and then a lower low.

The bottoming pattern is a low the "shoulder" , a retracement followed by a lower low the "head" and a retracement then a higher low the second "shoulder" see below. The pattern is complete when the trendline " neckline " , which connects the two highs bottoming pattern or two lows topping pattern of the formation, is broken.

The entry is provided at 1. The stop can be placed below the right shoulder at 1. The profit target is determined by taking the height of the formation and then adding it to the breakout point. In this case the profit target is 1.

The profit target is marked by the square at the far right, where the market went after breaking out. Triangles Triangles are very common, especially on short-term time frames. Triangles occur when prices converge with the highs and lows narrowing into a tighter and tighter price area. They can be symmetric , ascending or descending , though for trading purposes there is minimal difference. The chart below shows a symmetric triangle. It is tradable because the pattern provides an entry, stop and profit target.

The entry is when the perimeter of the triangle is penetrated — in this case, to the upside making the entry 1. The stop is the low of the pattern at 1. The profit target is determined by adding the height of the pattern to the entry price 1. The height of the pattern is 25 pips , thus making the profit target 1.

For this reason, candlestick patterns are a useful tool for gauging price movements on all time frames. While there are many candlestick patterns, there is one which is particularly useful in forex trading. An engulfing pattern is an excellent trading opportunity because it can be easily spotted and the price action indicates a strong and immediate change in direction. In a downtrend, an up candle real body will completely engulf the prior down candle real body bullish engulfing.

In an uptrend a down candle real body will completely engulf the prior up candle real body bearish engulfing. The pattern is highly tradable because the price action indicates a strong reversal since the prior candle has already been completely reversed. The spot market is where currencies are bought and sold based on their trading price.

That price is determined by supply and demand and is calculated based on several factors, including current interest rates, economic performance, sentiment toward ongoing political situations both locally and internationally , and the perception of the future performance of one currency against another. A finalized deal is known as a spot deal. It is a bilateral transaction in which one party delivers an agreed-upon currency amount to the counterparty and receives a specified amount of another currency at the agreed-upon exchange rate value.

After a position is closed, the settlement is in cash. Although the spot market is commonly known as one that deals with transactions in the present rather than in the future , these trades actually take two days for settlement.

Forwards and Futures Markets A forward contract is a private agreement between two parties to buy a currency at a future date and at a predetermined price in the OTC markets. A futures contract is a standardized agreement between two parties to take delivery of a currency at a future date and at a predetermined price. Futures trade on exchanges and not OTC. In the forwards market, contracts are bought and sold OTC between two parties, who determine the terms of the agreement between themselves.

In the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard size and settlement date on public commodities markets, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange CME. Futures contracts have specific details, including the number of units being traded, delivery and settlement dates, and minimum price increments that cannot be customized.

The exchange acts as a counterparty to the trader, providing clearance and settlement services. Both types of contracts are binding and are typically settled for cash at the exchange in question upon expiry, although contracts can also be bought and sold before they expire. The currency forwards and futures markets can offer protection against risk when trading currencies. Usually, big international corporations use these markets to hedge against future exchange rate fluctuations, but speculators take part in these markets as well.

In addition to forwards and futures, options contracts are also traded on certain currency pairs. Forex options give holders the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a forex trade at a future date and for a pre-set exchange rate, before the option expires. Unlike the spot market, the forwards, futures, and options markets do not trade actual currencies. Instead, they deal in contracts that represent claims to a certain currency type, a specific price per unit, and a future date for settlement.

This is why they are known as derivatives markets. Uses of the Forex Markets Forex for Hedging Companies doing business in foreign countries are at risk due to fluctuations in currency values when they buy or sell goods and services outside of their domestic market. Foreign exchange markets provide a way to hedge currency risk by fixing a rate at which the transaction will be completed.

To accomplish this, a trader can buy or sell currencies in the forward or swap markets in advance, which locks in an exchange rate. For example, imagine that a company plans to sell U. Unfortunately, the U. A stronger dollar resulted in a much smaller profit than expected. The blender company could have reduced this risk by short selling the euro and buying the U. That way, if the U. If the U. Hedging of this kind can be done in the currency futures market.

The advantage for the trader is that futures contracts are standardized and cleared by a central authority. However, currency futures may be less liquid than the forwards markets, which are decentralized and exist within the interbank system throughout the world. Forex for Speculation Factors like interest rates , trade flows, tourism, economic strength, and geopolitical risk affect the supply and demand for currencies, creating daily volatility in the forex markets.

A forecast that one currency will weaken is essentially the same as assuming that the other currency in the pair will strengthen because currencies are traded as pairs. The trader believes higher U. How to Start Trading Forex Trading forex is similar to equity trading. Here are some steps to get yourself started on the forex trading journey. Learn about forex: While it is not complicated, forex trading is a project of its own and requires specialized knowledge.

For example, the leverage ratio for forex trades is higher than for equities, and the drivers for currency price movement are different from those for equity markets. There are several online courses available for beginners that teach the ins and outs of forex trading. Set up a brokerage account: You will need a forex trading account at a brokerage to get started with forex trading.

Forex brokers do not charge commissions. Instead, they make money through spreads also known as pips between the buying and selling prices. For beginner traders, it is a good idea to set up a micro forex trading account with low capital requirements.

Such accounts have variable trading limits and allow brokers to limit their trades to amounts as low as 1, units of a currency. For context, a standard account lot is equal to , currency units. A micro forex account will help you become more comfortable with forex trading and determine your trading style. Develop a trading strategy: While it is not always possible to predict and time market movement, having a trading strategy will help you set broad guidelines and a road map for trading.

A good trading strategy is based on the reality of your situation and finances. It takes into account the amount of cash that you are willing to put up for trading and, correspondingly, the amount of risk that you can tolerate without getting burned out of your position.

Remember, forex trading is mostly a high-leverage environment. But it also offers more rewards to those who are willing to take the risk. Always be on top of your numbers: Once you begin trading, always check your positions at the end of the day.

Most trading software already provides a daily accounting of trades. Make sure that you do not have any pending positions to be filled out and that you have sufficient cash in your account to make future trades. Cultivate emotional equilibrium: Beginner forex trading is fraught with emotional roller coasters and unanswered questions. Should you have held onto your position a bit longer for more profits? How did you miss that report about low gross domestic product GDP numbers that led to a decline in overall value of your portfolio?

Obsessing over such unanswered questions can lead you down a path of confusion. That is why it is important to not get carried away by your trading positions and cultivate emotional equilibrium across profits and losses. Be disciplined about closing out your positions when necessary.

Forex Terminology The best way to get started on the forex journey is to learn its language. Here are a few terms to get you started: Forex account: A forex account is used to make currency trades. Remember that the trading limit for each lot includes margin money used for leverage. This means that the broker can provide you with capital in a predetermined ratio. Ask: An ask or offer is the lowest price at which you are willing to buy a currency. The ask price is generally greater than the bid price.

Bid: A bid is the price at which you are willing to sell a currency. A market maker in a given currency is responsible for continuously putting out bids in response to buyer queries. While they are generally lower than ask prices, in instances when demand is great, bid prices can be higher than ask prices. Bear market: A bear market is one in which prices decline among currencies.

Bear markets signify a market downtrend and are the result of depressing economic fundamentals or catastrophic events, such as a financial crisis or a natural disaster. Bull market: A bull market is one in which prices increase for all currencies. Bull markets signify a market uptrend and are the result of optimistic news about the global economy. Contract for difference: A contract for difference CFD is a derivative that enables traders to speculate on price movements for currencies without actually owning the underlying asset.

A trader betting that the price of a currency pair will increase will buy CFDs for that pair, while those who believe its price will decline will sell CFDs relating to that currency pair. The use of leverage in forex trading means that a CFD trade gone awry can lead to heavy losses. Leverage: Leverage is the use of borrowed capital to multiply returns.

The forex market is characterized by high leverages, and traders often use these leverages to boost their positions. Since they have used very little of their own capital, the trader stands to make significant profits if the trade goes in the correct direction. The flipside to a high-leverage environment is that downside risks are enhanced and can result in significant losses.

Lot size: Currencies are traded in standard sizes known as lots. There are four common lot sizes: standard , mini , micro , and nano. Standard lot sizes consist of , units of the currency. Mini lot sizes consist of 10, units, and micro lot sizes consist of 1, units of the currency. Some brokers also offer nano lot sizes of currencies, worth units of the currency, to traders. The bigger the lot size, the higher the profits or losses , and vice versa.

Margin: Margin is the money set aside in an account for a currency trade. Margin money helps assure the broker that the trader will remain solvent and be able to meet monetary obligations, even if the trade does not go their way. The amount of margin depends on the trader and customer balance over a period of time. Margin is used in tandem with leverage defined above for trades in forex markets.

One pip is equal to 0. The pip value can change depending on the standard lot size offered by a broker. Because currency markets use significant leverage for trades, small price moves—defined in pips—can have an outsized effect on the trade. Spread: A spread is the difference between the bid sell price and ask buy price for a currency.

Forex traders do not charge commissions; they make money through spreads. The size of the spread is influenced by many factors. Some of them are the size of your trade, demand for the currency, and its volatility. Sniping and hunting: Sniping and hunting is the purchase and sale of currencies near predetermined points to maximize profits.

Brokers indulge in this practice, and the only way to catch them is to network with fellow traders and observe for patterns of such activity. Basic Forex Trading Strategies The most basic forms of forex trades are a long trade and a short trade. In a long trade, the trader is betting that the currency price will increase in the future and they can profit from it.

Traders can also use trading strategies based on technical analysis, such as breakout and moving average , to fine-tune their approach to trading. Depending on the duration and numbers for trading, trading strategies can be categorized into four further types: A scalp trade consists of positions held for seconds or minutes at most, and the profit amounts are restricted in terms of the number of pips.

Such trades are supposed to be cumulative, meaning that small profits made in each individual trade add up to a tidy amount at the end of a day or time period. They rely on the predictability of price swings and cannot handle much volatility. Therefore, traders tend to restrict such trades to the most liquid pairs and at the busiest times of trading during the day.

Day trades are short-term trades in which positions are held and liquidated in the same day. The duration of a day trade can be hours or minutes. Day traders require technical analysis skills and knowledge of important technical indicators to maximize their profit gains.

Just like scalp trades, day trades rely on incremental gains throughout the day for trading. In a swing trade , the trader holds the position for a period longer than a day; i. Swing trades can be useful during major announcements by governments or times of economic tumult. Since they have a longer time horizon, swing trades do not require constant monitoring of the markets throughout the day.

In addition to technical analysis, swing traders should be able to gauge economic and political developments and their impact on currency movement. In a position trade , the trader holds the currency for a long period of time, lasting for as long as months or even years. This type of trade requires more fundamental analysis skills because it provides a reasoned basis for the trade.

Charts Used in Forex Trading Three types of charts are used in forex trading. They are: Line Charts Line charts are used to identify big-picture trends for a currency. They are the most basic and common type of chart used by forex traders. They display the closing trading price for the currency for the time periods specified by the user.

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